O conhecimento tácito a partir da perspectiva de Michael Polanyi / Tacit knowledge from Michael Polanyi's perspective / El conocimiento tácito desde la perspectiva de Michael Polanyi

O propósito deste artigo é apresentar o conceito de conhecimento como proposto pelo epistemólogo Michael Polanyi, explicitando conceitos como conhecimento tácito, meaning e habitar. De acordo com o autor, todo processo de conhecimento sempre envolve uma dimensão tácita, que vai além daquela em que o conhecimento pode ser explicitado por palavras. O trabalho foi dividido em subpartes com a intenção de facilitar a compreensão dos elementos específicos contemplados por Polanyi para a compreensão do que é conhecer. Compreende-se que o conhecimento sempre envolve consciência que, por sua vez, é dividida em atenção focal e subsidiária, sendo o resultado da integração tácita de elementos subsidiários na relação com o elemento focal (meaning). Considera-se que, apesar de utilizada em diversos campos do conhecimento, a obra desse autor é pouco conhecida no Brasil e ressalta-se a importância de estudos que busquem explicitar sua abordagem, inclusive na relação com outros autores

The purpose of this paper is to present the concept of knowledge as proposed by the epistemologist Michael Polanyi, explaining concepts such as tacit knowledge, meaning and dwelling. According to the author, every process of knowledge always involves a tacit dimension, which goes beyond what can be explained by words. The work was divided into sub parts with the aim of facilitating the comprehension of the specific elements contemplated by Polanyi for the understanding of what is to know. It is understood that knowledge always involves consciousness, which in turn is divided into focal and subsidiary attention and is the result of the tacit integration of subsidiary elements in the relation to the focal element (meaning). It is considered that although it is used in several fields of knowledge, the work of this author is little known in Brazil and it is emphasized the importance of studies that seek to make explicit its approach, including in the relation with other authors

El propósito de este artículo es presentar el concepto de conocimiento como propuesto por el epistemólogo Michael Polanyi, explicitando conceptos como conocimiento tácito, meaning y habitar. De acuerdo con el autor, todo proceso de conocimiento siempre involucra una dimensión tácita, que va más allá de aquella en que el conocimiento puede ser explicitado por palabras. El trabajo se dividió en subpartes con la intención de facilitar la comprensión de los elementos contemplados por Polanyi para la comprensión de lo que es conocer. Se entiende que el conocimiento siempre implica conciencia que, a su vez, se divide en atención focal y subsidiaria, siendo el resultado de la integración tácita de elementos subsidiarios en la relación con el elemento focal (meaning). Se considera que a pesar de ser utilizado en diversos campos del conocimiento la obra de este autor es poco conocida en Brasil y se resalta la importancia de estudios que busquen explicitar su abordaje, incluso en la relación con otros autores

Legal Protection of the Tacit Technology Secret of Traditional Chinese Medicine / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To provide reference for the thought and operation of the law to protect the tacit technology secrets of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. METHODS： Through the analysis of the composition， categories and legal attributes of tacit technology secrets of TCM， legal protection methods were sought from the legal perspective. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS： In the field of TCM， tacit knowledge， represented by the TCM processing， TCM diagnosis and treatment， is mostly inherited and studied in the form of technology secrets. The tacit technology secrets of TCM have the characteristics of personality dependence and inheritance， the protection of them by law can not be achieved directly through the field of intellectual property rights， but through the protection of the interests of the inheritors. Public law and private law are indispensable to the protection of tacit technology secrets of TCM. Public law should focus on improving the mechanism of technological inheritance and protecting the rights and interests of TCM inheritors. Private law should overcome the risk of infringement by signing contracts and transforming tacit knowledge of TCM.

Future Possibilities for Endotracheal Suctioning Ontologies Based on the Ocular Movement of Skilled Nurses / 医学教育

Introduction: Due to the advancement of the home-based healthcare, increasing the number of professionals who are able to administer homebased treatments, such as endotracheal suctioning, is an urgent issue.Methods: By measuring the ocular movement of nurses, nursing students and previous researches, an endotracheal suctioning ontology was visualized. It included a multiplex task structure, recognition, and judgment, as well as identifying procedures used during endotracheal suctioning that could contribute to a discussion on educational feasibility.Results: From the hierarchical structure of the constructed endotracheal suctioning ontology, not only the procedural knowledge but also knowledge about medical devices, knowing what options exist when endotracheal suctioning is ineffective, and a wide range of other expertise is needed to perform endotracheal suctioning safely.Discussion: An endotracheal suctioning ontology was created from the ocular movement of nurses. Ontologies are a potential tool for defining minimum requirements and the scope of ability that must be evaluated before clinical practicum.

Research on teaching methods of video-assisted thoracic surgery in the view of tacit knowledge / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) is high-skilled operation,which is tacit,scene-related,hard to transfer and individualized.The action formation of VATS is implemented by action orientation,imitation,integration,training and automation.The skill acquisition of VATS involves four overlapping steps:studying examples to do analogy,developing abstract rules,slowly moving to the use of production rules and retrieving specific examples.Research on teaching methods of VATS in the view of tacit knowledge helps to learn this skill better and more quickly.

Gestión del conocimiento: mayor producción y competitividad: perspectivas para los sistemas de producción ovino-caprinos / Knowledge management: higher production and competitiveness: prospects for ovine and caprine production systems / Gestão do conhecimento: maior nível de produção e competitividade: perspectivas para os sistemas de produção ovino-caprinos

Los ovinos se presentan hoy día en Colombia como una de las especies promisorias para el sector pecuario, con un despertar en la actividad que se manifiesta con un incremento del inventario, que según Faostat (datos debatibles), ha pasado de 2’400.000 cabezas en el año 2000 a 3’400.000 para el 2008; por su lado, las cabras han pasado de 1’200.000 a 1’300.000 cabezas en el mismo periodo, creciendo, aunque con un ritmo menor que el de las ovejas. Según esta base de datos, la misma tendencia se observa en el consumo per cápita de carne ovino-caprina que partiendo de 270 g/persona/año para el 2000 llega a 370 g/persona/año para el 2008. Este crecimiento en el inventario y el consumo per cápita del ovino-caprino impulsa la necesidad de aprovechar no solo las ventajas comparativas, sino también la generación de ventajas competitivas que lleven a la ovino-cultura y la caprino-cultura colombiana por el camino de la competitividad y la globalización, aprovechando las oportunidades en el mercado nacional y de exportación. El eficaz aprovechamiento de dichas ventajas implica la incorporación de los datos, la información y el conocimiento como factores de producción dentro de un proceso ordenado, bajo el marco de un sistema de “gestión de conocimiento”. El presente documento trata los fundamentos teóricos sobre los cuales se discute la manera como los datos, la información y el conocimiento se transforman en productividad y competitividad; se tratan los temas del “Big-Bang”, la entropía y neguentropía, la complejidad, la teoría de sistemas, la teoría del conocimiento, la epistemología, el management, la economía del conocimiento, la planeación estratégica, la espiral del conocimiento en las organizaciones, y la gestión del conocimiento, procurando algunas aproximaciones al sector agropecuario y la contextualización de la gestión del conocimiento en la ovino-cultura y caprino-cultura colombiana.

Nowadays sheep are presented as a promising species for the livestock sector in Colombia, with an awakening of the activity manifested by an increase in inventory, which, according to FAOSTAT (debatable data), increased from 2,400,000 head in 2000 to 3,400,000 in 2008; on the other hand, goats went from 1,200,000 head to 1,300,000 head during the same period, thus showing an increase, albeit at a slower pace than with sheep. According to this database, the same trend is observed in per capita consumption of ovine/caprine meat, which went from 270 g/person/year in 2000 to 370 g/person/year in 2008. This increase in inventory and per capita consumption of lamb and goat meat drives the need to make the most of not only the comparative advantages, but also the generation of competitive advantages that lead the Colombian sheep and goat-culture through the road of competitiveness and globalization, taking advantage of opportunities in the national and export market. The effective use of these benefits involves the incorporation of data, information and knowledge as factors of production within an orderly process under the framework of a “knowledge management” system. This paper addresses a series of theoretical foundations upon which the way data, information and knowledge are transformed into productivity and competitiveness are discussed; the issue of the “Big Bang” is addressed, as are the issues of entropy and negentropy, complexity, systems theory, the theory of knowledge, epistemology, management, knowledge economy, strategic planning, the spiral of knowledge in organizations, and knowledge management, aiming to find some approaches to the agricultural sector and the contextualization of knowledge management in the Colombian sheep and goat-culture.

Os ovinos apresentam-se hoje em dia na Colômbia como uma das espécies promissoras para o setor pecuário, com um despertar na atividade que se manifesta com um aumento do rebanho, que segundo a FAOSTAT (dados contestáveis), passou de 2.400.000 cabeças em 2000 para 3.400.000 em 2008; por outro lado, as cabras passaram de 1.200.000 cabeças a 1.300.000 cabeças no mesmo período, crescendo, ainda que num ritmo menor que o das ovelhas De acordo com este banco de dados, a mesma tendência é observada no consumo per capita de carne ovino-caprina que partindo de 270 g/pessoa/ano em 2000 chega a 370 g/pessoa/ano em 2008. Este crescimento no consumo per capita de ovino-caprino impulsiona a necessidade de aproveitar não só as vantagens comparativas, senão também a geração de vantagens competitivas que levem a ovinocultura e a caprinocultura colombiana pelo caminho da competitividade e da globalização, aproveitando as oportunidades no mercado nacional e de exportação. O eficaz aproveitamento dessas vantagens implica a incorporação dos dados, a informação e o conhecimento como fatores de produção dentro de um processo ordenado, no entorno de um sistema de “gestão do conhecimento”. O presente documento trata fundamentos teóricos sobre os quais se discute a maneira como os dados, a informação e o conhecimento se transformam em produtividade e competitividade; se tratam os temas do “Big-Bang”, a entropia e entropia negativa, a complexidade, a teoria de sistemas, a teoria do conhecimento, a epistemologia, o management, a economia do conhecimento, o planejamento estratégico, o espiral do conhecimento nas organizações, e a gestão do conhecimento, procurando algumas aproximações ao setor agropecuário e a contextualização da gestão do conhecimento na ovinocultura e caprinocultura colombiana.

Mapeo de problemas para la atención a la salud materna por actores estatales y federales / Problem mapping by state and federal actors for maternal health attention

OBJETIVO: Analizar las características de problemas del sistema de salud que obstaculizan la atención materna, según los representan y califican funcionarios en diversos puestos y contextos sociales. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizaron talleres con funcionarios de estados de alta mortalidad materna en México (México, Guerrero, Oaxaca y Veracruz) y a nivel federal. Se identificaron 99 problemas en los sistemas de salud. Utilizando mapeo conceptual, 94 funcionarios calificaron los problemas según importancia y factibilidad y se agruparon en regiones. Se analizaron los datos según estado/federación y responsabilidades de los participantes. Se midió la asociación entre perfil/contexto y la priorización de las regiones. RESULTADOS: Las regiones de alta prioridad para la atención materna son infraestructura, contratación de personal y recursos financieros. La importancia de algunas regiones depende del contexto social, aunque también en parte del perfil de responsabilidades de los actores. CONCLUSIONES: Existe consenso entre actores para enfrentar los principales problemas de salud materna en México. Diferencias importantes se deben a diversos contextos. Se demostró la utilidad del mapeo conceptual para el análisis de problemas.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characteristics of problems in the health system that present barriers to maternal care, according to their representation and rating by officials in different positions and social contexts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Workshops were held with state health system officials from Mexican states with high maternal mortality (Mexico, Guerrero, Oaxaca and Veracruz) as well as with federal officials. A total of 99 health system problems were identified. Using concept mapping, 94 officials rated problems according to importance and feasibility; they were grouped into issues. Data was analyzed according to state/federal levels and the responsibilities of participants. The association was measured between responsibility profile/social context and priority issues. RESULTS: The issues of highest priority for maternal health care are infrastructure, personnel hiring and financial resources. The importance of certain issues depends on context and, to an extent, on the actors' responsibilities. CONCLUSIONS: There is consensus among actors to address the principal maternal health problems in Mexico. Important differences correspond to context. The usefulness of concept mapping to analyze problems was demonstrated.

Transmissão do saber prático: as dificuldades do processo ensino - aprendizagem em uma cooperativa autogestionária / Tacit knowing transmission: the difficulties of the teaching/learning process in a self-managed cooperative

O artigo apresenta uma intervenção ergonômica realizada em uma cooperativa de produção de artefatos de couro e de material sintético, principalmente calçados e bolsas. Focaliza-se o processo de transmissão do conhecimento prático acumulado por um associado do grupo aos demais integrantes, todos novatos no ofício. Na conclusão, fornecemos elementos para reflexões acerca dos aspectos particulares às intervenções em empreendimentos solidários, quando comparadas às ações ergonômicas desenvolvidas junto a empresas convencionais, e os obstáculos encontrados para se viabilizar a autogestão.

In this paper, we present an ergonomic action in a cooperative of products of leather and synthetics material, specially shoes and sacs. We focus on the process of tacit knowledge transmission between an associate expert and the others associates, all of them novices in this work. In conclusion, we present the basis to compare ergonomic action in cooperative organizations and ergonomic action in traditional enterprises, and point out the obstacles to promote effective cooperative organizations.

Scientific and technological innovations and tacit knowledge sharing in the hospital / 中华医院管理杂志

Tacit knowledge is critical to a hospital's scientific and technological innovation, the basis for its survival and the major driving force for its sustainable development. It constitutes the bulk of a hospital's knowledge, including chiefly technological elements, cognitive elements, experience elements. emotional elements and belief elements, has priority among its various tasks, and is the basis for and the key to the development of individual and organizational abilities to innovate. The instruction on and inheritance of tacit knowledge plays a key part in the cultivation of innovative talents in a hospital. Thus hospitals ought to strengthen the management of tacit knowledge and realize its exchange and sharing through face-to-face communication, post rotation, the establishment of cross-disciplinary teams and electronic networks, and the coding of tacit knowledge.